{
  "id": "police-locals-city-demographics",
  "name": "US Police Force Local Residency by City",
  "title": "US Police Force Local Residency by City",
  "description": "Share of police officers who live in the city they serve, broken down by race, for 75 major US cities. From FiveThirtyEight's 2015 investigation.",
  "category": "society",
  "source": "https://github.com/fivethirtyeight/data",
  "source_url": "https://github.com/fivethirtyeight/data",
  "updated": "2026-04",
  "record_count": 75,
  "columns": [
    {
      "key": "city",
      "label": "City",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "key": "police_force_size",
      "label": "Police Force Size",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "all",
      "label": "All",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "white",
      "label": "White",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "non-white",
      "label": "Non White",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "black",
      "label": "Black",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "hispanic",
      "label": "Hispanic",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "key": "asian",
      "label": "Asian",
      "type": "number"
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "city": "New York",
      "police_force_size": 32300,
      "all": 0.617956656,
      "white": 0.446386555,
      "non-white": 0.764418938,
      "black": 0.770891365,
      "hispanic": 0.762860728,
      "asian": 0.749235474
    },
    {
      "city": "Chicago",
      "police_force_size": 12120,
      "all": 0.875,
      "white": 0.871962617,
      "non-white": 0.877400295,
      "black": 0.89740566,
      "hispanic": 0.83982684,
      "asian": 0.966666667
    },
    {
      "city": "Los Angeles",
      "police_force_size": 10100,
      "all": 0.228217822,
      "white": 0.152777778,
      "non-white": 0.263848397,
      "black": 0.387387387,
      "hispanic": 0.217679558,
      "asian": 0.305263158
    },
    {
      "city": "Washington",
      "police_force_size": 9340,
      "all": 0.115631692,
      "white": 0.056774194,
      "non-white": 0.15736505,
      "black": 0.170189099,
      "hispanic": 0.08988764,
      "asian": 0.230769231
    },
    {
      "city": "Houston",
      "police_force_size": 7700,
      "all": 0.292207792,
      "white": 0.17373461,
      "non-white": 0.399258344,
      "black": 0.36637931,
      "hispanic": 0.457142857,
      "asian": 0.408163265
    },
    {
      "city": "Philadelphia",
      "police_force_size": 6045,
      "all": 0.835401158,
      "white": 0.776898734,
      "non-white": 0.899480069,
      "black": 0.924657534,
      "hispanic": 0.817391304,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Phoenix",
      "police_force_size": 4475,
      "all": 0.311731844,
      "white": 0.270801815,
      "non-white": 0.427350427,
      "black": 0.52173913,
      "hispanic": 0.427710843,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "San Diego",
      "police_force_size": 4460,
      "all": 0.362107623,
      "white": 0.372983871,
      "non-white": 0.348484848,
      "black": 0.538461538,
      "hispanic": 0.297794118,
      "asian": 0.515625
    },
    {
      "city": "Dallas",
      "police_force_size": 3605,
      "all": 0.191400832,
      "white": 0.171503958,
      "non-white": 0.213450292,
      "black": 0.214634146,
      "hispanic": 0.256880734,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Detroit",
      "police_force_size": 3265,
      "all": 0.370597243,
      "white": 0.081967213,
      "non-white": 0.542787286,
      "black": 0.568,
      "hispanic": 0.333333333,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "San Francisco",
      "police_force_size": 3020,
      "all": 0.316225166,
      "white": 0.259493671,
      "non-white": 0.378472222,
      "black": 0.186046512,
      "hispanic": 0.253333333,
      "asian": 0.486111111
    },
    {
      "city": "San Antonio",
      "police_force_size": 2955,
      "all": 0.624365482,
      "white": 0.443877551,
      "non-white": 0.713924051,
      "black": 0.574468085,
      "hispanic": 0.739130435,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Atlanta",
      "police_force_size": 2950,
      "all": 0.137288136,
      "white": 0.18627451,
      "non-white": 0.111398964,
      "black": 0.101983003,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Las Vegas",
      "police_force_size": 2830,
      "all": 0.374558304,
      "white": 0.4,
      "non-white": 0.307692308,
      "black": 0.387755102,
      "hispanic": 0.267857143,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Baltimore",
      "police_force_size": 2800,
      "all": 0.257142857,
      "white": 0.1328125,
      "non-white": 0.361842105,
      "black": 0.391459075,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Boston",
      "police_force_size": 2560,
      "all": 0.4765625,
      "white": 0.441558442,
      "non-white": 0.582677165,
      "black": 0.686567164,
      "hispanic": 0.75,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jacksonville, Fla.",
      "police_force_size": 2335,
      "all": 0.809421842,
      "white": 0.713780919,
      "non-white": 0.956521739,
      "black": 1,
      "hispanic": 0.888888889,
      "asian": 1
    },
    {
      "city": "El Paso, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 2260,
      "all": 0.851769912,
      "white": 0.826446281,
      "non-white": 0.86102719,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.86102719,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Columbus, Ohio",
      "police_force_size": 2245,
      "all": 0.405345212,
      "white": 0.379781421,
      "non-white": 0.518072289,
      "black": 0.571428571,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Cleveland",
      "police_force_size": 2045,
      "all": 0.557457213,
      "white": 0.498127341,
      "non-white": 0.669014085,
      "black": 0.595959596,
      "hispanic": 0.941176471,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Tucson, Ariz.",
      "police_force_size": 2020,
      "all": 0.398514851,
      "white": 0.416666667,
      "non-white": 0.375,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.333333333,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Newark, N.J.",
      "police_force_size": 2005,
      "all": 0.279301746,
      "white": 0.207964602,
      "non-white": 0.371428571,
      "black": 0.519480519,
      "hispanic": 0.260416667,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Austin, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 1985,
      "all": 0.294710327,
      "white": 0.194690265,
      "non-white": 0.426900585,
      "black": 0.25,
      "hispanic": 0.453846154,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Memphis, Tenn.",
      "police_force_size": 1970,
      "all": 0.464467005,
      "white": 0.339130435,
      "non-white": 0.640243902,
      "black": 0.668874172,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Milwaukee",
      "police_force_size": 1960,
      "all": 0.721938776,
      "white": 0.692883895,
      "non-white": 0.784,
      "black": 0.931034483,
      "hispanic": 0.733333333,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "San Jose, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1875,
      "all": 0.466666667,
      "white": 0.472340426,
      "non-white": 0.457142857,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.406976744,
      "asian": 0.44
    },
    {
      "city": "Miami",
      "police_force_size": 1860,
      "all": 0.072580645,
      "white": 0.030612245,
      "non-white": 0.087591241,
      "black": 0,
      "hispanic": 0.116751269,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Denver",
      "police_force_size": 1820,
      "all": 0.282967033,
      "white": 0.149321267,
      "non-white": 0.48951049,
      "black": 0.580645161,
      "hispanic": 0.391752577,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Sacramento, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1820,
      "all": 0.07967033,
      "white": 0.063380282,
      "non-white": 0.1375,
      "black": 0.32,
      "hispanic": 0,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Charlotte, N.C.",
      "police_force_size": 1780,
      "all": 0.362359551,
      "white": 0.294545455,
      "non-white": 0.592592593,
      "black": 0.833333333,
      "hispanic": 0.321428571,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Tampa, Fla.",
      "police_force_size": 1715,
      "all": 0.177842566,
      "white": 0.131914894,
      "non-white": 0.277777778,
      "black": 0.276595745,
      "hispanic": 0.326923077,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Indianapolis",
      "police_force_size": 1620,
      "all": 0.648148148,
      "white": 0.71042471,
      "non-white": 0.4,
      "black": 0.383333333,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Santa Ana, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1590,
      "all": 0.094339623,
      "white": 0.058823529,
      "non-white": 0.120879121,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.148648649,
      "asian": 0
    },
    {
      "city": "New Orleans",
      "police_force_size": 1560,
      "all": 0.5,
      "white": 0.324074074,
      "non-white": 0.593137255,
      "black": 0.62371134,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Oakland, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1530,
      "all": 0.094771242,
      "white": 0.026666667,
      "non-white": 0.16025641,
      "black": 0.0625,
      "hispanic": 0.108108108,
      "asian": 0.28125
    },
    {
      "city": "Orlando, Fla.",
      "police_force_size": 1530,
      "all": 0.117647059,
      "white": 0.09,
      "non-white": 0.169811321,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.111111111,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Oklahoma City, Okla.",
      "police_force_size": 1500,
      "all": 0.596666667,
      "white": 0.547325103,
      "non-white": 0.807017544,
      "black": 0.62962963,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Seattle",
      "police_force_size": 1445,
      "all": 0.117647059,
      "white": 0.115577889,
      "non-white": 0.122222222,
      "black": 0.1875,
      "hispanic": 0,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Kansas City, Mo.",
      "police_force_size": 1440,
      "all": 0.777777778,
      "white": 0.768,
      "non-white": 0.842105263,
      "black": 1,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Nashville, Tenn.",
      "police_force_size": 1440,
      "all": 0.618055556,
      "white": 0.43715847,
      "non-white": 0.933333333,
      "black": 0.947368421,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Laredo, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 1435,
      "all": 0.93728223,
      "white": 0.962962963,
      "non-white": 0.931330472,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.931330472,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Fort Worth, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 1430,
      "all": 0.426573427,
      "white": 0.306748466,
      "non-white": 0.585365854,
      "black": 0.637931034,
      "hispanic": 0.559322034,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Louisville, Ky.",
      "police_force_size": 1430,
      "all": 0.646853147,
      "white": 0.620833333,
      "non-white": 0.782608696,
      "black": 0.772727273,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Norfolk, Va.",
      "police_force_size": 1425,
      "all": 0.21754386,
      "white": 0.267080745,
      "non-white": 0.153225806,
      "black": 0.106796117,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Arlington, Va.",
      "police_force_size": 1360,
      "all": 0.202205882,
      "white": 0.222222222,
      "non-white": 0.1796875,
      "black": 0.16,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Pittsburgh",
      "police_force_size": 1350,
      "all": 0.659259259,
      "white": 0.67965368,
      "non-white": 0.538461538,
      "black": 0.533333333,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Albuquerque, N.M.",
      "police_force_size": 1340,
      "all": 0.615671642,
      "white": 0.62962963,
      "non-white": 0.601503759,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.566371681,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jersey City, N.J.",
      "police_force_size": 1170,
      "all": 0.252136752,
      "white": 0.206451613,
      "non-white": 0.341772152,
      "black": 0.303030303,
      "hispanic": 0.325581395,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Raleigh, N.C.",
      "police_force_size": 1150,
      "all": 0.269565217,
      "white": 0.206349206,
      "non-white": 0.56097561,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Rochester, N.Y.",
      "police_force_size": 1150,
      "all": 0.1,
      "white": 0.040935673,
      "non-white": 0.271186441,
      "black": 0.195121951,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Cincinnati",
      "police_force_size": 1145,
      "all": 0.227074236,
      "white": 0.147727273,
      "non-white": 0.490566038,
      "black": 0.648648649,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Long Beach, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1115,
      "all": 0.291479821,
      "white": 0.277227723,
      "non-white": 0.303278689,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.3125,
      "asian": 0
    },
    {
      "city": "Birmingham, Ala.",
      "police_force_size": 1110,
      "all": 0.225225225,
      "white": 0.086021505,
      "non-white": 0.325581395,
      "black": 0.328125,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Wichita, Kan.",
      "police_force_size": 1075,
      "all": 0.6,
      "white": 0.511764706,
      "non-white": 0.933333333,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.896551724,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Virginia Beach, Va.",
      "police_force_size": 1070,
      "all": 0.789719626,
      "white": 0.75625,
      "non-white": 0.888888889,
      "black": 0.727272727,
      "hispanic": 1,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Fresno, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 1040,
      "all": 0.514423077,
      "white": 0.509615385,
      "non-white": 0.519230769,
      "black": 0.681818182,
      "hispanic": 0.46031746,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Buffalo, N.Y.",
      "police_force_size": 1010,
      "all": 0.336633663,
      "white": 0.292397661,
      "non-white": 0.580645161,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.523809524,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Minneapolis",
      "police_force_size": 1000,
      "all": 0.1,
      "white": 0.052631579,
      "non-white": 0.379310345,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Portland, Ore.",
      "police_force_size": 1000,
      "all": 0.21,
      "white": 0.186440678,
      "non-white": 0.391304348,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Reno, Nev.",
      "police_force_size": 1000,
      "all": 0.34,
      "white": 0.323863636,
      "non-white": 0.458333333,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Richmond, Va.",
      "police_force_size": 1000,
      "all": 0.11,
      "white": 0.101694915,
      "non-white": 0.12195122,
      "black": 0.208333333,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Baton Rouge, La.",
      "police_force_size": 980,
      "all": 0.214285714,
      "white": 0.144067797,
      "non-white": 0.320512821,
      "black": 0.342465753,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jackson, Miss.",
      "police_force_size": 960,
      "all": 0.390625,
      "white": 0.082191781,
      "non-white": 0.579831933,
      "black": 0.579831933,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Riverside, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 955,
      "all": 0.219895288,
      "white": 0.35,
      "non-white": 0.076923077,
      "black": 0,
      "hispanic": 0.142857143,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Fort Lauderdale, Fla.",
      "police_force_size": 950,
      "all": 0.168421053,
      "white": 0.220183486,
      "non-white": 0.098765432,
      "black": 0.102564103,
      "hispanic": 0.114285714,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "St. Louis",
      "police_force_size": 950,
      "all": 0.589473684,
      "white": 0.538461538,
      "non-white": 0.671232877,
      "black": 0.682539683,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Brownsville, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 925,
      "all": 0.513513514,
      "white": 0.5,
      "non-white": 0.514124294,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.520231214,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Albany, N.Y.",
      "police_force_size": 890,
      "all": 0.185393258,
      "white": 0.16025641,
      "non-white": 0.363636364,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Colorado Springs, Colo.",
      "police_force_size": 860,
      "all": 0.604651163,
      "white": 0.553030303,
      "non-white": 0.775,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.913043478,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Savannah, Ga.",
      "police_force_size": 860,
      "all": 0.215116279,
      "white": 0.076923077,
      "non-white": 0.299065421,
      "black": 0.170731707,
      "hispanic": 0.75,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Winston-Salem, N.C.",
      "police_force_size": 860,
      "all": 0.575581395,
      "white": 0.424778761,
      "non-white": 0.86440678,
      "black": 0.869565217,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Toledo, Ohio",
      "police_force_size": 805,
      "all": 0.565217391,
      "white": 0.530769231,
      "non-white": 0.709677419,
      "black": 0.75,
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Madison, Wis.",
      "police_force_size": 790,
      "all": 0.278481013,
      "white": 0.246478873,
      "non-white": 0.5625,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": "**",
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "Corpus Christi, Texas",
      "police_force_size": 770,
      "all": 0.857142857,
      "white": 0.893333333,
      "non-white": 0.82278481,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.847222222,
      "asian": "**"
    },
    {
      "city": "San Bernardino, Calif.",
      "police_force_size": 755,
      "all": 0.271523179,
      "white": 0.263157895,
      "non-white": 0.28,
      "black": "**",
      "hispanic": 0.274509804,
      "asian": "**"
    }
  ],
  "meta": {
    "title": "US Police Force Local Residency by City - Free Download",
    "description": "Share of police officers who live in the city they serve, broken down by race, for 75 major US cities. From FiveThirtyEight's 2015 investigation. Contains 75 records. Download in Excel, CSV, PDF formats.",
    "seo_title": "US Police Force Local Residency by City | ListBase",
    "seo_description": "Download US Police Force Local Residency by City — 75 records. Available in Excel, CSV, PDF formats.",
    "key_takeaways": [
      "Contains 75 records / 8 fields",
      "Available for free download in Excel, CSV, and PDF formats",
      "Data sourced from: https://github.com/fivethirtyeight/data"
    ]
  }
}